My treatment plan

This section will outline the general treatment plan for the following personalization options:
Stage IV
Type: IDC, ILC, Rare, I don’t know
Triple negative

Oncologists follow specific guidelines when deciding on the treatment plan that is right for you. Below we outline the general guidelines and plans based on your stage, type and sub-type of breast cancer. We also identify where you can make decisions about your treatment and what those options may be. Finally, we outline the pan-Canadian standards of care for access and timing of treatments.

Making decisions related to your care can feel like a heavy burden. These are decisions that can have a great impact on your quality of life in the immediate and sometimes distant future. Your first impulse may to be start treatment immediately. It’s important to understand that you have the time to get accurate information about your options, find useful resources (like this tool), get support, ask questions, and gain some perspective before having to decide on a course of treatment.

*Remember: Not all experiences may follow this exact path and you may or may not have all the tests or treatments we outline within. We hope this pathway will give you a general understanding of the process and possible timelines. The standards of care reported in this tool are based on guidelines and not everyone will fall into these standard categories. We encourage you to always consult your doctor for the most accurate information and timelines specific to your circumstances.

1. Referral to cancer program

After your diagnosis, your doctor will refer you to the closest cancer program.

Stage IV metastatic breast cancer is different from other stages of breast cancer because it means that you will be living with cancer for the rest of your life. As you may recall from the Understanding My Breast Cancer section, metastatic breast cancer is cancer that has spread beyond the breast into other organs in the body. Cancer cells that have spread are still considered breast cancer and will be treated with breast cancer treatment.

One of your first appointments will be with a medical oncologist. Your medical oncologist will be responsible for your primary care relating to your cancer treatment. He or she will work with you to make decisions about the types of treatments you will receive and can help you manage any symptoms of your cancer or side effects from your treatments.

In many provinces, triple-negative breast cancer is eligible for BRCA genetic testing. See our section on genetic and genomic testing to see if you are eligible based on your province and ask your oncologist about referring you for testing. 

Tip: Ask about speaking to a social worker or patient navigator at your cancer centre. Oftentimes, these individuals can help you access practical and emotional support available at your centre or in your community to help you through your diagnosis.

Standards of Care:

• Your initial consultation with a breast cancer oncologist should take no longer than 2 weeks from the date of your referral[1] but may take up to a month or longer in some cases. 

2. Your first appointment with your oncologist

Treatment for stage IV metastatic breast cancer takes a different approach than earlier stages of the disease. The goal of treating metastatic breast cancer focuses on shrinking tumours and slowing the growth of the cancer cells in order to lengthen survival and improve quality of life and symptoms, rather than curing the disease altogether.

At your first appointment with your oncologist, they will review the treatment options available to you and help to answer any questions you may have about your diagnosis.

Your primary treatment will be systemic therapy, with radiation and surgery becoming additional treatments to help with symptom management. Your oncologist will go over what treatments they recommend for your sub-type of cancer.

If you have oligometastatic breast cancer (metastatic breast cancer that has only spread minimally to a few other areas of the body), you may be able to take a similar approach to treatment as earlier stages of breast cancer. In some cases, if the cancer is easily able to be removed your oncologist may refer you to a surgeon or radiation oncologist to explore more curative forms of treatment.

3. Choosing a treatment plan

When choosing a drug treatment, your oncologist will outline the recommended options for your breast cancer based on:

• Your previous treatment history (if you had breast cancer in the past)
• The location of the breast cancer metastases (lungs, liver, brain, bones, etc.)
• Your overall health, which may influence which treatments are safe for you
• Your own preferences, goals and priorities

The very first treatment you receive is called first-line; the second treatment is called second-line and so on. Unfortunately, each drug eventually stops working, and you may move on to the next line of therapy then (or if a previous drug is not well tolerated).

Tip: Ask your oncologist about available clinical trials before beginning treatment. There may be some new treatments being studied in the first-line setting that you would not have access to if you have taken other metastatic breast cancer treatments. Read more about clinical trials here.

Chemotherapy is often the first-line treatment for triple-negative metastatic breast cancer.

Second- and third-line treatments typically consist of changing chemotherapy to another.

Below is an outline of the different chemotherapy treatments that may be offered to you as well as some newer targeted therapy or immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer.

Standards of Care:

• Your treatment should begin within 4 weeks of consultation.[2]

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the primary systemic therapy used in triple-negative metastatic breast cancer. Anthracyclines, taxanes, and capecitabine are the standard treatments used for metastatic breast cancer:

• Anthracyclines and platinums target and damage the DNA of cancer cells, killing them before they can divide and multiply.
• Taxanes work by stopping the cancer cells from dividing and therefore blocking the growth of the cancer.  
• Capecitabine is a type of chemo called an antimetabolite. Antimetabolites mimic characteristics of the cancer cell and interferes with the replication of the DNA causing the cancer cell to stop growing.
• Sacituzumab-govitecan (Trodelvy™) is a combination of an antibody targeting Trop-2 (which is particularly present in triple-negative cells) with a chemo drug attached “riding piggy-back”.  It is the preferred 3^rd (sometimes 2^nd) line treatment.
  • Sacituzumab-govitecan is Health Canada approved but not yet publicly government funded
  • Some newer treatments, like sacituzumab-govitecan, are not yet listed on the public drug formulary for your province. This means that these drugs are not funded through the healthcare system and would require you to seek funding elsewhere (like private insurance or a manufacturer patient support program) or pay a high out of pocket cost. Use our MedSearch drug database to see what drugs may treat your breast cancer.

Your doctor will likely prescribe one drug at a time instead of a combination of chemotherapies. This helps reduce potential side effects from treatment. Some common single agent chemotherapies offered include[3]:

• Doxorubicin: Given intravenously (anthracycline)
• Docetaxel: Given intravenously (taxane)
• Capecitabine: Given orally by pill
• Paclitaxel: Given intravenously (taxane)
• Paclitaxel-nab: Given intravenously (taxane)
• Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: Given intravenously (anthracycline)
• Vinorelbine: Given intravenously
  • Can be given in the first-line if previously treated with chemotherapy for early breast cancer and experienced metastatic relapse within 6 months
• Gemcitabine:  Given intravenously

Combination chemotherapy regimens that may be considered (for more serious cancer involvement of vital organs) include:

• Gemcitabine: Given intravenously. Gemcitabine can be given alone but does show better results in combination with
  • Carboplatin
  • Docetaxel
  • Paclitaxel
• Doxorubicin & cyclophosphamide: Given intravenously
• Doxorubicin & docetaxel: Given intravenously

Targeted therapy and immunotherapy

Until recently, chemotherapy has been the only systemic therapy proven to show benefits when treating triple-negative breast cancer. New research has found other forms of systemic therapy that can be used to treat TNBC.

These newer drugs for triple-negative metastatic breast cancer can take a couple of years to be approved and publicly funded by provincial healthcare systems. This means that some treatments may be offered to you that would require you to seek funding elsewhere (private insurance or a manufacture patient support program) or pay a high out of pocket cost. Use our MedSearch drug database to see what drugs may treat your breast cancer.

Tip: Speak with your oncologist about how to access funding for these drugs and if there are any programs or drug access navigators at your cancer centre who can assist with paying for this drug.

Below is a list of these new treatments with information on their line-setting indication (whether they are approved for first-line, second-line, etc.).

Olaparib (Lynparza™): Patients who are BRCA 1 or 2 positive may be eligible to receive a targeted therapy called olaparib (Lynparza™). This treatment is taken orally for patients with germline BRCA-mutated breast cancer:

• In the first-line setting for metastatic TNBC
• Who have previously been treated with chemotherapy

Funding: Olaparib is not currently funded by provincial public drug formularies.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors: These immunotherapy drugs block checkpoint proteins responsible for starting and stopping immune responses in the body that are found in breast cancers. By blocking these proteins (PD-L1), it allows immune system cells to attack and destroy cancer cells.

There are currently 2 immune checkpoint inhibitors used for treatment of triple-negative metastatic breast cancer:

Pembrolizumab (Keytruda™) is an IV drug taken:

• First-line, in combination with chemotherapy for patients who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
• For patients whose tumours express PD-L1 (about 1/3 of cases are eligible)
• It has been shown to improve length of survival significantly

Funding: Pembrolizumab is not currently funded by provincial public drug formularies though is Health Canada approved.

Atezolizumab (Tecentriq™) is an IV drug taken:

• In combination with paclitaxel-nab (chemotherapy) for patients who have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
• For patients whose tumours express PD-L1

Funding: Atezolizumab is not currently funded by provincial public drug formularies.

At any stage of your systemic treatment for metastatic breast cancer, you can ask about available clinical trials. Clinical trials offer additional, new treatment options that you may benefit from. Some clinical trials require no initial first-line treatments to qualify and some are available only to individuals who have progressed on standard treatments. Asking early in your diagnosis and when treatments are changed can help ensure you have exhausted all of your clinical trial options. For more information about clinical trials read our blogs:

• What Are Clinical Trials and Are They Right for Me?
• Debunking Common Myths About Clinical Trials

4. Supportive and additional treatments

Supportive treatments are used in addition to systemic therapies to help treat the cancer and its side effects. The use of these treatments is on a case-by-case basis and can be combined with other palliative care/symptom management options.

Local therapies are treatments that are given directly to the area where the cancer is located. Radiation and surgery are the two most common forms of local therapy for treating metastatic breast cancer. In some cases, local treatment can be used to help reduce the cancer. In most cases, it is used to help treat the side effects of the cancer. These treatments can be used to:

• Treat a small number of metastases (oligometastatic breast cancer)
• Brain metastases
• Prevent bone fractures for bone metastases
• Treat cancer that is impeding on the spinal cord or blood vessels
• Provide pain relief or other symptoms

The brain is a site where breast cancer is known to spread. These are called brain metastases. The three local forms of treatment for brain metastases include:

• Surgery can be performed if there are 1-2 lesions that can be safely removed.
• Stereotactic radiation therapy can be administered if there are a few lesions in the brain. This form of radiation can target specific areas instead of the whole brain. For more information on this form of radiation click here.
• Whole brain radiation delivers radiation to the entire brain.

Alternatively, there are some systemic therapies that can be used to treat brain metastases but not all treatments cross the blood-brain barrier. Speak to your oncologist about what systemic treatment options are available for your cancer.

The bones are another site where breast cancer can metastasize. These are called bone metastases. In addition to radiation therapy and surgery, bone-strengthening medications may be used to help treat your bone metastases:

• Bisphosphonates can tip the balance in bone cells away from bone dissolving/recycling cells back towards bone building cells. Options include
  • Intravenous agents, like zoledronic acid or pamidronate every 1 to 3 months or,
  • Oral clodronate pills twice a day
• Denosumab (Xgeva™) is a human monoclonal antibody that counters a receptor in bone tissue that would usually stimulate bone to be reabsorbed. It is given by injection under the skin on a monthly basis.
• These agents dramatically reduce the future risk of fractures, worsening pain, or paralysis from spinal damage.

5. Monitoring treatment progress and disease progression

Your cancer and your treatments will be routinely monitored to ensure that the therapies prescribed are still working as anticipated.

Systemic therapy is typically monitored every 2 or 3 cycles while overall disease monitoring can take place every 2-6 months.[4]^{, [5]} Tests to monitor your treatment progress can include:

• Physical exams
• Complete blood count tests: this test looks at various characteristics of your blood including your red or white blood cells, hemoglobin, or platelets
• Tumour marker tests: a blood test that is performed to look for substances produced by tumours. Some breast cancers, however, do not make these markers.
• Bone scans: an imaging test that looks at bone abnormalities and can help monitor bone metastases.
• CT scans: a 3D imagining machine that takes multiple x-rays at different angles to look at organs or abnormalities within the body.
• MRI: a specialized imaging machine that uses magnetic and radio waves to create detailed images of specific areas in the body.
• X-ray: an imaging test that uses small amounts of radiation to create images of inside your body.

Everyone reacts differently to treatment. For some people, certain treatments may work for long periods of time while other treatments may not work as well. If your cancer responds well to treatment your tests and scans may show:

• Stable disease: this means that the cancer has stopped growing
• Regression/response: this means that the cancer has decreased in size
• It is possible to have periods of time where your tests show no evidence of disease (NED).

Even if you respond well to treatment, your cancer can eventually grow to resist it, meaning that you will need to move on to another treatment. When your cancer continues to grow, or when new tumours appear, it is called progression.

If your follow-up tests show evidence of progression, you and your oncologist will discuss what other treatments may be available to you. If you’re interested in exploring clinical trials, this may be a good opportunity to ask about what trials are available for your type of breast cancer.

6. Palliative care and symptom management

Palliative care and pain management are a large aspect of living with metastatic breast cancer. Palliative care can be incorporated into your treatment plan at any point where you feel you need it. It can be used for more than end-of-life care – it can be used to improve your overall quality of life.

Palliative care can look different to each person and can be treated differently depending on your needs and where you live. In some cases, your medical oncologist may take on the role of prescribing and managing your palliative care treatment. In others, your family doctor may coordinate palliative measures or you may be referred to a palliative care specialist.

Treatments for palliative care can include easing physical symptoms such as pain, nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. They can also address psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety, and depression. A palliative care team may also help you access support for family or financial needs.

7. Choosing to end treatment and transitioning to end-of-life care

There will come a time when you, your family and/or your oncologist will decide to end your treatments and focus on your end-of-life care. Making this decision can be difficult for you and your family. Hospice palliative care will provide you with the same palliative options you have been receiving but with a focus on making you as comfortable as possible as you transition to end-of-life.

Preparing for your end-of-life care in advance may help relieve some anxiety and fear. If you have specific wishes for your end-of-life care, creating an advanced care plan can help your loved ones understand your wishes and needs during your hospice care and after your death. It can also allow you to have a say in these decisions once you are no longer able to speak for yourself. For additional help, visit www.advancedcareplanning.ca.

For more information about end-of-life care see End-of-life care section.